Civil and criminal law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Civil and criminal law - Essay Example To gain a better insight, these questions can be looked at from two angles as proposed by Ronald Standler: Punishment and Burden of Proof (Standler, 1998). Punishment: In criminal law, a guilty defendant is punished in one of the two ways: either incarceration in a jail or prison or fine paid to the government; or, in exceptional cases: execution of the defendant: the death penalty. On the other hand, a defendant in civil litigation is never incarcerated nor executed. Most often, a losing defendant in civil litigation only reimburses the plaintiff for losses caused by the defendant's behavior. Burden of Proof: With certain exceptions, in most cases, in criminal litigation, the burden of proof is always on the state. The case starts with the defendant assumed to be innocent and as the case proceeds, the state must prove that the defendant is guilty. In contrast, in civil litigation, the burden of proof is initially on the plaintiff. It should be noted that, there may be several situations in which the burden shifts to the defendant. With the above discussion in mind, it can be noticed that, in a criminal law case the litigation is filed by the government called the prosecution against the defendant whereas in a civil law case a private party files a lawsuit

Experiences of Morrison concerts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Experiences of Morrison concerts - Assignment Example The piano trio, which consisted of a piano, a cello and a violin, was excellent, as was the string quartet with the special guest Mack McCray on the piano. The overall feeling of both of these musical ensembles was that there was a certain lightness to the playing, at least in spots. I really enjoy the cello, especially, as it tends to have such rich tones, and it complemented the piano on the Calyx piano trio very well. As did the violin. What struck me was that, between both concerts, the music was very similar. There were periods where the music sounded like folk music, like Hungarian folk music, and then there were spots were I could detect a slight Celtic bent to the music. Then, there were periods of the concert when the music sounded more like modern music, with a hint of Igor Stravinsky in some of the chords. That is, there were periods where the music became allegro and the musicians played them with great passion and verve. Mack McCray was an amazing pianist. He played with a great flow and passion, and there was not a note that was out of place. Sometimes it seemed that the concert belonged to him, more than the string quartet, but there were other spots where the quartet dominated and the piano receded into the background. I also enjoyed listening to the different influences that were heard throughout the perfomances. For instance, in the Schumann's Piano Quintet in E Flat Major, which was one of the pieces that was played in the St. Petersburg String Quartet, there were evidently influences that were classical and romantic in origin. The piece went from a lugubrious opening with the cello dominating, then went more into the lighter parts of the piece where the piano was blended in harmoniously with the strings of the other instruments. There were periods that sounded like a waltz, but this was only in spots. The piano in the middle of the piece had an air to it that sounded very polished, and I recognized that the piece had a quality to it that spo ke to me. I was also very interested in the Benjamin Britten piece, as I had studied his music extensively, and I knew of his operas. This piece started out with an almost discordant tone to the strings, and it was definitely the product of a modern composer. That is, the staccato string that can be heard throughout the first part of this piece, combined with the discordant tones are those which are not typically heard in the classical or romantic or baroque styles. This piece actually was the piece that liked the least, because I am not a fan of the discordant style and there was something about it that hearkened to movies with American Indians. And this is what the piece sounded like – music that should be played in American Indian movies. It was a little difficult to listen to, but I do know that this is a style that many people enjoy. The second movement of this piece, however, was much better, and struck a much more harmonious tone. What was striking, though, about the B ritten piece is that it sounded almost spare compared to some of the other pieces which were played. There were very little flourishes that one is used to hearing from a string quartet with a piano. The Franck piece, which as Piano Quintet

Predictors of Patient Satisfaction

Predictors of Patient Satisfaction CHAPTER 1: Introduction In this chapter we will briefly discuss the background of the research area. At first an overview of the patients satisfaction concept will be introduced. This will be followed by the relevance of this thesis to the country of Kuwait. After that, we will present a discussion of the problem that will give a better understanding to the reader for our subject. The chapter ends with a brief description of the thesis structure follow. 1.1 Overview: The patient experience reflects the way in which a person perceives the sum total of his experiences with the health system throughout the continuum of care. This experience is influenced by the total of the encounters between the patient and the caregiver, of the patient’s expectations from the health system and from the organizational culture in all of the frameworks with which the patient comes in contact. In recent years, the patient experience has become a central talking point in the ongoing discourse of the health systems in Israel and worldwide, which coincides with numerous social trends: Increasing public awareness of the patient’s rights. Public demand for transparency in conduct and for exploiting opportunities to improve. Activity of patient safety organizations. Changes in the service and consumer cultures. Demand for equality and accessibility to each and every individual. Increasing use of electronic communication and social media in search of medical information, knowledge sharing among patients, recommendation of specialists, alternative treatments and facilities and so on. Patient satisfaction is generally considered as the extent  to which the patients feel that their needs and  expectations are being met by the services provided[4]. Patient satisfaction predicts both compliances [5] and  utilisation [6] and may even be related to improved  health [7]. It also contributes to the atmosphere  prevailing in a PHCC [7,8]. It is associated with  continuity of care [3], the doctors communication skills  [9], the degree of his or her patient centeredness [10]  and the congruence between intervention desired and  that received by the patient [11] . Other factors  influencing satisfaction with medical care include  confidence in the system and a positive outlook on life  in general[12] . Finally, satisfaction is the judgment of  the patient on the care that has been provided [13]. The  physician remains a key element in patient satisfaction  [14]. Summarize chapter 2 in one a half page start with small problem definition, actually there are determinants 1.2 Relevance of this thesis to the country of Kuwait With the huge growing number of cancer patients worldwide in recent years the needs of effective and capable health care suppliers is mandatory. The health care sector in Kuwait has been occupying very important position among the public, as it takes the responsibility to maintain peoples heath and to prevent disease as well to secure complete coverage of the health care services. Kuwait consists six general hospitals for several specialty, and more than 70 care clinics. With an aging facilities and growing population, hospitals have become overused with empower of tools and equipments and the care clinics are not serving dangerous situations or real disease. Cancer cases in Kuwait has reached the top of disease and have been recognized as a main cause of deaths in the country (Alduaij 2012). Kuwait control cancer centre (KCC) comprehensive cancer center have 600 qualified medical staff and 459 beds. KCCC treats over 2000 new cancer patients each year and total of 28,697 from Kuwait and the region(Kuwaitcancercenter.com 2014)[50]. Identification of predictors of patient satisfaction (what aspects of care matter the most to patients) enables policy makers at the Ministry of Health in Kuwait to focus on these aspects and improve them. The correlates of socio-demographic characteristics of patients with satisfaction allow the health care providers to cater to the different needs of patients based on their socio-demographic characteristics. This study aims at identifying predictors of patient satisfaction in the primary care clinics of the Ministry of Health, Kuwait (factors leading to patient satisfaction or dissatisfaction) and its socio-demographic correlates. 1.3 Problem Definition: Lack of proper strategies and support system by Ministry of Health (MOH). There are many obstacles interfering the treatment of patients in Kuwait due to poor system and insufficient management strategies that is related to health care services (Alduaij 2012). Kuwait Cancer Control Center (KCC) which was built back in the 70s is considered as one of the important medical centers in Kuwait for the reason of increasing number of cancer patients in Kuwait (KCC 2014)[51]. KCC have a capacity of 459 beds against 28,697 patients with 1643 employeed,490 nursed, and 11 physicians. Based on that, the hospital have witnessed a migration of the experienced staff which results in shortage of human resources and accordingly leads to instability and sub-optimal medical system (Annaharkw.com, 2014)[53]. Huge public demand to improve hospital services. According to Arab Times (2014)[52] the previous Kuwaiti parliament members have step against the low performance of Ministry of Health (MOH) and of KCCC in particular. They have raised their disagreement over the government’s failure to control the disease and to provide adequate services to satisfy the patients. Many issues were declared to the ministir of health seeking for urgent solutions such as: long waiting time, unavailability of beds , lack of the hospital human resources and machinery as well financial and administrative capabilities. Temporary recovery plan but not permanent solutions. His Highness the Amir Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, at the end of year 2013 gave instructions to the government to send cancer patients for treatment abroad at the States expense and to expedite with actions (Kuna, 2014)[50]. The reason for the urgency of this new law was due to public dissatisfaction, and the continuous complaints toward cancer treatment in Kuwait. Dire personnel experience A personnel experience with the cancer disease has been the real motivation behind this study. Watching a dear person suffering not just because of the disease, but because of shortage of resources and lack of proper support system, is the hardest thing ever especially when it comes to losing that dear person forever. 3.6 Research objectives The research objectives are as the following: To explore and review the available international literature about the cancer patents satisfaction. To discuss the determinant of cancer patients satisfaction. To identify service quality dimensions related to cancer patients. To investigate the importance of quality of life for cancer patients. To find out the impact of socio demographic characteristic on cancer patients in Kuwait. 3.7 Research questions Based on the objectives of the study, key questions should be addressed: 1. What are the determinants needed to reach an effective cancer patients satisfaction in Kuwait? 2. What are the health related service quality dimensions? 3. What are the quality of life factors that contribute cancer patients satisfaction? 4. What is the effect of socio-demographic characteristic on cancer disease in Kuwait? 1.6 Research Methodology Our research is considered deductive, quantitative, descriptive and explanatory based on the experiments presented in our literature review. This study is focusing on cancer patients and the benefits that are provided by KCCC hospitals and their personnel life. The questionnaire is in two language English and Arabic and have been randomly distributed in Kuwait cancer control centre and on website. The study population consisted of the patients who came for therapy in KCCC ( outpatients) and the sample size consisted of 300 patients based on total cancer patients in Kuwait which are approximately 28,697 patients. The eligibility criteria included patients who have been diagnosed with different types of cancer as a minimum of 6 months ,above 21 years old and currently are undergoing treatment. The questionnaire contained a socio-demographic characteristics as well as the overall satisfaction with the different aspects of quality of services and quality of life. At last, The data analys is is obtained through using different statistical techniques by using the SPSS software version 17. 1.7 Thesis structure This thesis is divided into five chapters. In the first chapter, we will be providing a background and an overview of the selected research subject, followed by the problem area discussion and description of the thesis structure. In chapter two, an academic literature review related to patients satisfaction and the different independents variables such as physcian concern,staff concern, convenience of care process, tangibles, social well-being, emotional well-being, and information knowledge will be introduced based on theories, academic studies and reports. Chapter three explains the methodology and techniques that have been used in our thesis to analyze and carry out this study. In chapter four, an analysis of the empirical data will be presented along with a discussion of the survey findings and results. Last chapter, number 5, is summarizing the results that have been achieved in our study along with a comparison with other studies. At the end of the final chapter, we will be pro viding a conclusion and recommendations for management and future research. A definition of quality of life The quality of life can only be described and measured in individual terms, and depends on present lifestyle, past experience, hopes for the future, dreams and ambitions. Quality of life must include all areas of life and experience and take into account the impact of illness and treatment. A good quality of life can be said to be present when the hopes of an individual are A good quality of life is therefore usually expressed in terms of satisfaction, contentment, happiness and fulfillment and the ability to cope. This definition emphasizes the importance of personal growth. (K. Chambers et al., 2011) Calman, K. 1984. Quality of life in cancer patients -an hypothesis. Journal of medical ethics, [Accessed: 16 Nov 2013].

line dancing :: essays research papers fc

â€Å"Reflections on Country Line Dancing† â€Å"Don’t tell my heart, my achy breaky heart; I just don’t think you’d understand.† Who knew that the 1993 smash hit, â€Å"Achy Breaky Heart,† by Billy Ray Cyrus would be the turning point that would cause country line dancing to become a worldwide phenomenon. Despite differing opinions on the exact history, it is evident that country line dancing is an extension of past social dance forms and is representative of the social, economic, and political state of the United States. However, one thing is for sure. Country line dancing is not just a fad, but rather seems to be a mainstay in the culture of the United States, as seen by the thousands of clubs like the Boot Scootin’ Saloon throughout the country. First, while line dancing at the Boot Scootin’ Saloon on Saturday, November 7, 1998, I had the opportunity to interview two interesting women, Jill Babinec and Lesley Rafferty. First, Jill Babinec, a resident of Cleveland, Ohio, became interested in line dancing a few years ago after she began listening to country music by such artists as Billy Ray Cyrus, Garth Brooks, and Shania Twain. Ms. Babinec likes to line dance not only because she loves to dance and finds it fun, but also because she believes it is a good form of cardiovascular exercise. Jill has taught line dancing several times at Broncos and on Thursday nights at the Lockwood United Methodist Church. However, in addition to line dance, Ms. Babinec also participates in other social dances such as clogging, the two-step, and square dance. Jill’s favorite form of social dance is clogging because of the fast foot tapping that is involved. Ms. Babinec’s favorite form of country western dance is line dancing because as she states, â€Å"Being single, it is nice to know that I can just go out with my friends for an evening of dancing, without worrying about needing a male partner for each dance. I can just have fun.† Lastly, Jill Babinec is a dentist who owns her own practice. According to Jill, most of her friends that line dance are professionals in such occupations as medicine, business, and education. Next, Lesley Rafferty, a resident of Boardman, Ohio, became interested in line dancing simply by watching others line dance at such establishments as Broncos, Mustangs, and the Boot Scootin’ Saloon. Mrs. Rafferty loves to line dance because she not only finds it good exercise, but also loves country music.

Carrie Chapter Eighteen

‘I came to kill you, Momma. And you were waiting here to kill me. Momma, I †¦ it's not right, Momma. It's not †¦ ‘ ‘Let's pray,' Momma said softly. Her eyes fixed on Carrie's and there was a crazed, awful compassion in them. The fire light was brighter now, dancing on the walls Up dervishes. ‘For the last time, let us pray.' ‘Oh Momma help me!' Carrie cried out. She fell forward on her knees, head down, hands raised in supplication. Momma leaned forward, and the knife came down in a shining arc. Carrie, perhaps seeing out of the tail of her eye, jerked back, and instead of penetrating her back, the knife went into her shoulder to the hilt. Momma's feet tangled in the legs of her chair, and she collapsed in a sitting sprawl. They stared at each other in silent tableau. Blood began to ooze from around the handle of the knife and to splash on to the floor. Then Carrie said softly: ‘I'm going to give you a present, Momma.' Margaret tried to get up, staggered, and fell back on her hands and knees. ‘What are you doing?' she croaked hoarsely. ‘I'm picturing your heart, Momma,' Carrie said. ‘It's easier when you see things in your mind. Your heart is a big red muscle. Mine goes faster when I use my power. But your is going a little slower now. A little slower.' Margaret tried to get up again, failed, and forked the sign of the evil eye at her daughter. ‘A little slower, Momma. Do you know what the present is, Momma? What you always wanted. Darkness. And whatever God lives there.' Margaret White whispered: ‘Our father, Who art in heaven-‘ ‘Slower, Momma. Slower.' ‘-hallowed be Thy name-‘ ‘I can see the blood draining back into you. Slower.' ‘-Thy Kingdom come-‘ ‘Your feet and hands like marble, like alabaster. White.' ‘-Thy will be done-‘ ‘My will, Momma. Slower!' ‘-on earth-‘ ‘Slower.' ‘-as †¦ as †¦ as it†¦' She collapsed forward, hands twitching. ‘-as it is in heaven.' Carrie whispered: ‘Full stop.' She looked down at herself, and put her hands weakly around the haft of the knife. (no o no that hurts that's too much hurt) She tried to get up, failed, then pulled herself up by Momma's stool. Dizziness and nausea washed over her. She could taste blood, bright and slick, on the back of her throat. Smoke, acrid and choking, was drifting in through the windows now. The flames had reached next door; even now sparks would be lighting softly on the roof that rocks had punched brutally through a thousand years before. Carrie went out the back door, staggered across the lawn, and rested (where's my momma) against a tree. There was something she was supposed to do. Something about (roadhouses parking lots) the Angel with the Sword. The Fiery Sword. Never mind. It would come to her. She crossed by back yards to Willow Street and then crawled up the embankment to Route 6. It was 1: 15 A.M. It was 11:20 P.M. when Christine Hargensen and Billy Nolan got back to The Cavalier. They went up the back stairs, down the hall, and before she could do more than turn on the lights, he was yanking at her blouse. ‘For God's sake let me unbutton it-‘ ‘To hell with that.' He ripped it suddenly down the back. The cloth tore with a sudden hard sound. One button popped free and winked on the bare wood floor. Honky-tonkin' music came faintly up to them, and the building vibrated subtly with the clumsy-enthusiastic dancing of farmers and truckers and millworkers and waitresses and hairdressers, of the greasers and their townie girl friends from Westover and Motton. ‘Hey-‘ ‘Be quiet.' He slapped her, rocking her head back. Her eyes took on a flat and deadly shine. ‘This is the end, Billy.' She backed away from him, breasts swelling into her bra, flat stomach pumping, legs long and tapering in her jeans; but she backed toward the bed. ‘It's over.' ‘Sure,' he said. He lunged for her and she punched him, a surprising hard punch that landed on his cheek. He straightened and twitched his head a little. ‘You gave me a shiner, you bitch.' ‘I'll give you more.' ‘You're goddam right you will.' They stared at each other, panting, glaring. Then he began to unbutton his shirt, a little grin beginning on his face. ‘We got it on, Charlie. We really got it on.' He called her Charlie whenever he was pleased with her. It seemed to be, she thought with a cold blink of humour, a generic term for good cunt. She felt a little smile come to her own face, relaxed a little, and that was when he whipped his shirt across her face and came in low, butting her in the stomach like a goat, tipping her on to the bed. The springs screamed. She pounded her fists helplessly on his back. ‘Get off me! Get off me! Get off me! You fucking greaseball, get off me!' He was grinning at her, and with one quick, hard yank her zipper was broken, her hips free. ‘Call your daddy?' he was grunting. ‘That what you gonna do? Huh? Huh? That it, ole Chuckie? Call big ole legal beagle daddy? Huh? I woulda done it to you, you know that? I woulda dumped it all over your fuckin squash. You know it? Huh? Know it? Pig blood for pigs, right? Right on your motherfucking squash. You-‘ She had suddenly ceased to resist. He paused, staring down at her, and she had an odd smile on her face. ‘You wanted it this way all along, didn't you? You miserable little scumbag. That's right, isn't it? You creepy little onenut low-cock dinkless wonder.' His grin was slow, crazed. ‘It doesn't matter.' ‘No,' she said. ‘It doesn't.' Her smile suddenly vanished, the cords on her neck stood out as she hawked back – and spat in his face. They descended into a red, thrashing unconsciousness. Downstairs the music thumped and wheezed (‘I'm poppin little white pills an my eyes are open wide/Six days on the road and I'm gonna make it home tonight!'), c/w, full throttle, very loud, very bad, five-man band wearing sequined cowboy shirts and new pegged jeans with bright rivets, occasionally wiping mixed sweat and Vitalis from their brows, lead guitar, rhythm, steel, dobro guitar, drums; no one heard the town whistle, or the first explosion, or the second; and when the gas main blew and the music stopped and someone drove into the parking lot and began to yell the news, Chris and Billy were asleep. Chris woke suddenly and the clock on the night table said five minutes of one. Someone was pounding on the door. ‘Billy!' the voice was yelling. ‘Get up! Hey! Hey!' Billy stirred, rolled over, and knocked the cheap alarm clock on to the floor. ‘What the Christ?' he said thickly, and sat up. His back stung. The bitch had covered it with long scratches. He'd barely noticed it at the time, but now decided he was going to have to send her home bowlegged. Just to show her who was boss.. Silence struck him. Silence. The Cavalier did not close until two; as a matter of fact, he could still see the neon twinkling and flicking through the dusty garret window. Except for the steady pounding (something happened) the place was a graveyard. ‘Billy, you in there? Hey!' ‘Who is it?' Chris whispered. Her eyes were glittering and watchful in the intermittent neon. ‘Jackie Talbot,' he said absently, then raised his voice. ‘What?' ‘Lemme in, Billy. I got to talk to you!' Billy got up and padded to the door, naked. He unlocked the old-fashioned hook-and-eye and opened it. Jackie Talbot burst in. His eyes were wild and his face was smeared with soot. He had been drinking it up with Steve and Henry when the news came at ten minutes of twelve. They had gone back to town in Henry's elderly Dodge convertible, and had seen the Jackson Avenue gas main explode from the vantage point of Brickyard Hill. When Jackie had borrowed the Dodge and started to drive back at 12:30, the town was a panicky shambles. ‘Chamberlain's burning up,' he said to Billy. ‘Whole fuckin town. The school's gone. The Centre's gone. West End blew up – gas. And Carlin Street's on fire. And they're saying Carrie White did it!' ‘Oh God,' Chris said. She started to get out of bed and grope for her clothes. ‘What did-‘ ‘Shut up,' Billy said mildly, ‘or I'll kick your ass.' He looked at Jackie again and nodded for him to go on. ‘They seen her. Lots of people seen her. Billy, they say she's all covered with blood. She was at that fuckin prom tonight†¦ Steve and Henry didn't get it but †¦ Billy, did you †¦ that pig blood †¦ was it-‘ ‘Yeah,' Billy said. ‘Oh, no.' Jackie stumbled back against the doorframe. His face was a sickly yellow in the light of the one hall lightbulb. ‘Oh Jesus, Billy, the whole town-.' ‘Carrie trashed the whole town? Carrie White? You're full of shit.' He said it calmly, almost serenely. Behind him, Chris was dressing rapidly. ‘Go and look out the window,' Jackie said. Billy went over and looked out. The entire eastern horizon had gone crimson, and the sky was alight with it. Even as he looked, three fire trucks screamed by. He could make out the names on them in the glow of the street light that marked The Cavalier's parking lot. ‘Son of a whore,' he said. ‘Those trucks are from Brunswick.' ‘Brunswick?' Chris said. ‘That's forty miles away. That can't be . . .' Billy turned back to Jackie Talbot. ‘All right. What happened?' Jackie shook his head. ‘Nobody knows, not yet. It started at the high school. Carrie and Tommy Ross got the King and Queen, and then somebody dumped a couple of buckets of blood on them and she ran out. Then the school caught on fire, and they say nobody got out. Then Teddy's Amoco blew up, then that Mobil station on Summer Street-!' ‘Citgo.' Billy corrected. ‘It's a Citgo.' ‘Who the fuck cares?' Jackie screamed. ‘It was her, every place something happened it was her! And those buckets †¦ none of us wore gloves†¦' ‘I'll take care of it,' Billy said. ‘You don't get it, Billy. Carrie ‘Get out.' ‘Billy-‘ ‘Get out or I'll break your arm and feed it to you.' Jackie backed out of the door warily. ‘Go home. Don't talk to nobody. I'm going to take care of everything.' ‘All right,' Jackie said. ‘Okay. Billy, I just thought-‘ Billy slammed the door. Chris was on him in a second. ‘Billy what are we going to do that bitch Carrie oh my Lord what are we going to-‘ Billy slapped her, getting his whole arm into it, and knocked her on to the floor. Chris sat sprawled in stunned silence for a moment, and then held her face and began to sob. Billy put on his pants, his tee shirt, his boots. Then he went to the chipped porcelain washstand in the corner, clicked on the light, wet his head, and began to comb his hair, bending down to see his reflection in the spotted, ancient mirror. Behind him, wavy and distorted, Chris Hargensen sat on the floor, wiping blood from her split lip. ‘I'll tell you what we're going to do,' he said. ‘We're going into town and watch the fires. Then we're coming home. You're going to tell your dear old daddy that we were out to The Cavalier drinking beers when it happened. I'm gonna tell my dear ole mummy the same thing. Dig.' ‘Billy, your fingerprints,' she said. Her voice was muffled, but respectful. ‘Their fingerprints,' he said. ‘I wore gloves.' ‘Would they tell?' she asked. ‘If the police took them in and questioned them-‘ ‘Sure,' he said. ‘They'd tell.' The loops and swirls were almost right. They glistened in the light of the dun, flyspecked globe like eddies on deep water. His face was calm, reposeful. The comb he used was a battered old Ace, clotted with grease. His father had given it to him on -his eleventh birthday, and not one tooth was broken in it. Not one. ‘Maybe they'll never find the buckets,' he said. ‘If they do, maybe the fingerprints will all be burnt of. I don't know. But if Doyle takes any of 'em in, I'm heading for California. You do what you want.' ‘Would you take me with you?' she asked. She looked at him from the floor, her lip puffed to negroid size, her eyes pleading.

Black Rage-Book Report Essay

The pages of human history daubed in bloodshed and thickly coated with ethnic, racial conflicts ask a crying question. How to make this Planet Earth heaven -like? The answer is simple and direct. Eyes full of understanding, heart full of love and the life that refuses conflicts—these alone are enough! When an individual or a people of a particular race are constantly nagged and abused, condemned and ostracized by the society, they become bitter and cynical individuals. Heartfelt care and concern, an understanding approach and tender regard for their feelings are necessary pre-requisites to heal their inner wounds. Adequate opportunities need to be created for their ‘reformation’ and ‘rehabilitation’ into the mainstream of the society. The authors feel that it is not an easy task. Each and every molecule of the Negro race is surcharged with the hidden grudge as for the inhuman treatment meted out to them in all walks of life, from the cradle to the grave and from the womb to the tomb and this process continued for centuries. They were branded from birth as ‘niggers. ’ This insult on their personality is difficult to condone. Brief summary of the book: This is a classic work on black identity. This is also criticized as one of the sexiest books. Slavery is no ordinary crime against humanity. The book explains the race relations and its dynamics in the day to day living of the blacks vs. whites. How at each step of the ladder the blacks were pulled down, how they were made to stumble at deliberately created hurdles by the whites, how slavery dynamics deeply impact the cross-racial sexual relationships etc. It is one thing to have freedom and protection for the essential human dignity of the individual legally. It is good to have uniform constitutional rights for whites and blacks. But what mattes is the interpretation of the laws and their applicability to the ground level situations, concerning the blacks. The book is an authentic source of inspiration to the educated younger generation of blacks, and for the African psychologists of the day. The book cites case studies and they are properly dealt with. The point by point analysis of the â€Å"intra-psychic† dynamics of Black life in every day America is extremely informative and an eye-opener. Blacks, in many parts of the world where the whites were the dominating community, suffered, and in USA they suffered intensely. The authors are psychiatrists by profession and they are eminently suited to treat this subject. The inner conflicts and the desperation of back life, how they carry on with their back to the wall existence—all these have been highlighted, with the zeal of pursuing the truth. As the black race is exposed to various social situations related to the individual growth through education, employment, achievement of status in life, the intra-racial problems have begun to crop up with great intensity. The authors cite the case of an educated school teacher, marrying a laborer. They explain: â€Å"†¦She was embarrassed by his poor education. He felt that she and her friends were â€Å"phony† and that she was preoccupied with maintaining senseless appearances. Their mutual hostility led to verbal and later physical assaults. Divorce was the result. This pattern is so common in Negro marriages that it deserves special study, which might shed light on the broader problems of how in America choice of mate and marriage in general is influenced by a person’s blackness. †(p. 75) The authors put forth strong arguments that black people living in a racist, white dominated society have suffered and are suffering psychological pressure by the effects of racist oppression. This sometimes, has the telling effect in on the day to day disposition and black people act in unpredictable manner. The thesis of the book: Will the country ever awake in to that heaven of freedom, and when it will be free from the division of narrow domestic walls created by race prejudices? What you do to mitigate the mental barrier of racial discrimination on so many counts is not important. How you do, what you do is indeed important. More acts and legislations have helped to create a stir in the minds of whites and blacks. But the problem eludes permanent solution. This is so, because the feeling of superiority within the minds of the whites has to change. When the thought process will change, the action process will also change! When the thoughts are changed, the mind is changed; when the mind is changed, the man is changed; when the man is changed, the society is changed; when the society is changed, the Nation is changed. Then only we can way that plenty and prosperity engulfs USA, not otherwise! The contents and arguments in the book contain too much sex, much more than required by the literary standards. But some times, these issues are beyond the control of the authors. Firstly the book must sell. This is the prime objective of the publisher. Fortunately or unfortunately, sex sells. If it is handled well, it sells well. This could be one of the reasons for the extra dose of sex in the book—this may not be as well! This book has about 230 pages with 10 chapters, Who’s angry, the shadow of the past, achieving womanhood, acquiring manhood, marriage and love, character traits, the â€Å"Promise† of education, mental illness and treatment, and how come there’s so much hate and black rage. In a nutshell, the contents of the book discuss and analyze the bitter past of slavery in USA, the tension-ridden race relations in USA today, and the future of black and white race relations which have the possibilities to turn worst, on the slightest provocation, when the black race is making its presence felt strongly, in political, social, and economic spheres. In sports, blacks are dominating! The blacks accepted the domination of the white race-will the whites accept the domination of the black race in times to come? Will the law of divine retribution work in this context? Identify the evidence used by the author to support his/ her thesis That which is evident requires no introduction, elaboration, or appreciation. Light is bright and it is evident. Milk is white and it is evident. Simply say black race in America, and everything is evident. The saga of suffering of the Negro race, the era of slavery, violence and cruelty to subdue their legitimate aspirations rotates on the curtain of one’s mind. The authors of Black Rage do not mince words when it comes to condemning the atrocities committed on the black race. â€Å"The voice of black America has been heard in the explosions of Watts, Newark, and Detroit,† they warn. (p. 3) They assert their aspiration in strongest terms. â€Å"Black people continue to revolt against laws and customs that are deadly and humiliating†¦Aggression leaps from wounds inflicted and ambitions spiked. It grows out of oppression and capricious cruelty. †(p. 3). The younger generation of Negroes is not willing to wait and accept ‘the tactful handling of the situation’ by the whites when their interests matter. The white race is not willing to travel in the boat where the rudder is controlled by the black. The blacks are aware, by their bitter past experiences that the whites will go to any extent when their own interests matter. This causes more frustration and apprehension in the black community and adversely affects their psyche. The example cited in the text is that of Jimmy, a twelve year old boy. â€Å"His face was jet-black, and his expressions ranged from somber to sad. Whether relating stories of home, school, or the streets, he disguised his true feelings. At twelve he had learned one of his first lessons–always play it cool. As much as possible, he worked to hide his inner life. One day he stared long and hard at his fist and said: â€Å"I want to hit a white man. †(p. 59) State your own opinion and ideas about this book. The book contains tough opinions about the white race. To tell a black youngster to forget the past, say that he is constitutionally protected and enjoys equal rights as applicable to whites or any ethnic group is as good as telling him a story. The suffering of the Negro race is something very special and closely linked to the destiny of America. The black can condone the past; they can not ignore or forget it. The whites are not obliging the blacks by the present stance of understanding them. They have no other alternative. They must accept their newfound social position—equal in every respect as compared to the black people and it is their duty to say that the black-brother is first among the equal. They must attempt and secure the transformation within. The writers put it crisply and authoritatively. â€Å"After all, the thoughts begin, the Negro is also an American and if he is different it is only matter of degree. Cliches are brought forth and there is a lengthy recitation of the names of famous Negroes. Long association has bred feelings of familiarity which masquerade as knowledge. But there remain puzzles about black people; all is not understood; something is missing. †(p. 23) â€Å"It is better to have a world united than a world divided; but it is better to have a world divided, than a world destroyed,† said Sir Winston Churchill at the time of II World War. Presently, does this quote apply to the solution for the race problem in USA? USA will never be divided in geographical terms, the Constitution of USA is strong enough, the political leaders have enough foresight, but the example given in the book is shocking and is the definite pointer, how the division of the hearts is complete. How Come There’s So Much Hate? â€Å"When the man died, his wife of forty years was pitied by her friends. The widow was a stern New Englander; her dead husband was a black. In spite of strong social disapproval of their marriage, they had raised children and prospered. There had been some discord between them, but they handled it discreetly and the children had never heard them comment on racial matters. Even when a racial incident was prominent in the news, not a word was said about it. The children assumed that their mother had long since accepted the realities of marriage to a black man. They were completely unprepared for her words when her husband died: â€Å"Thank God that nigger is gone! â€Å"(p. 181) Spirituality, not religion, seems to be the only answer to this vexed problem of race relations. Once a human being crosses the mind barrier, all differences all tensions, cease! Mind is a bundle of negative and positive thoughts. The usual methods of suppressing the thoughts and emotions are not going to bring permanent peace. If the Negro race has to surrender at any point, it has got to be the dynamic surrender, of a supreme and brave human being. They should not accept the supremacy of the white race, nor demand the pound of flesh for the historical misdeeds of the whites. If the revengeful attitude persists, it will take them and the Nation nowhere. If the Nation does not survive how will the black and white races survive?